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QUADAS-2

QUADAS-2 appraises risk of bias and applicability in diagnostic accuracy studies. Assessment runs across four domains with signalling questions, separately rating risk of bias and applicability to the review question.

Applicable study designs

Diagnostic accuracy studies that compare an index test with a reference standard.

Four domains

  • Patient selection.
  • Index test.
  • Reference standard.
  • Flow and timing.

How the overall judgement is formed

Each domain is rated for risk of bias (low / high / unclear) via signalling questions; the first three are also rated for applicability. Low risk requires that no signalling question flags a problem.

When to use it

Applied in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy.

Primary source

Whiting PF et al., Ann Intern Med 2011;155:529

Updated: 01.10.2026.

QUADAS-2 assessment in Sciente

The platform applies QUADAS-2 to full-text project articles and shows a supporting excerpt beneath each judgement.

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